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TRAFx counting systems are used for
recreation, land use and visitor studies, counting vehicle traffic, trail use, bikes and off-highway vehicles (snowmobiles, ATVs, OHVs, etc). Their applications are as
diverse as the environments and locations they are deployed in. Following
are some brief case studies.

Satellite image of refuge region |

Photo credit:
Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge |

Photo credit:
Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge |
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Location: Louisiana, USA
Organization: Louisiana Dept. of Wildlife & Fisheries
Setting: Access points to boat launches and wildlife
drives
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle Counter
Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge consists of 72,000 acres of coastal
wetland marshes, at the terminus of the Mississippi Fly, in
Southwest Louisiana. With its vast expanses of brackish,
intermediate, and salt marshes, the refuge provides wintering
habitat for thousands of wintering waterfowl. Due to the
combined destructive forces of global sea level rise, salt water
intrusion, and hurricane impacts, coastal Louisiana suffers
severely from coastal land loss and erosion. Active marsh
management practices implemented at Rockefeller Refuge have
helped to lessen the effects of these destructive events.
The coastal marshes are home to many commercially and
recreationally important estuarine organisms, which make them
popular with recreational users seeking opportunities to harvest
fish, blue crabs, and white and brown shrimp. Rockefeller Refuge
biologists have been using TRAFx Vehicle counters since 2003 to
document patterns in recreational use at public boat launches
and wildlife drives.
“TRAFx
Vehicle Counters have helped us tremendously in monitoring and
documenting annual activity patterns of recreational users on
Rockefeller Refuge. We’ve had these units in place since 2003
and they have worked flawlessly. Customer service
has been phenomenal. They actually updated their software to
accommodate my specific needs. I would definitely purchase these
units again.”
George M., Wildlife Biologist, Louisiana Dept. of Wildlife &
Fisheries
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Pink Ledges Trail, Red Canyon,
Dixie NF, UT, USA
Photo credit: Dixie NF |

ATV rider on Markagunt ATV system
Photo credit: Dixie NF |
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Location: Utah, USA
Organization: US Forest Service, Dixie National Forest
Setting: Forest to desert; trails and roads
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle Counter, OHV Counter,
Infrared Trail Counter
The US Forest Service manages
its system of National Forests for various public “benefits”,
including certain recreational uses (e.g., hiking and hunting)
and industrial uses (e.g., logging). The two million acre Dixie
National Forest is located in southern Utah. It is the largest
National Forest in Utah. The Forest is divided into four
geographic areas, and includes desert-like landscape at 854 metres (2,800 ft.) and snow-capped peaks at 3452 metres (11,323
ft). Dixie National Forest’s diverse geography hosts a wide
range of recreational activities including camping, hunting,
snowmobiling, hiking, canoeing, water skiing, etc.
Dixie National Forest began using TRAFx Counters in the summer
of 2004 to gather quantitative data regarding visitor use levels
in specific areas of interest.
"We use our TRAFx
counters in both summer and winter. They have performed well all
year round, and have allowed us to gather important dispersed
recreation data for our National Forest."
Nicholas G., Recreation Specialist, Dixie
National Forest |
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Queensland coast, Australia
Photo credit: QPWS |
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Infrared trail counter
deployment
Photo credit: QPWS |

Forest track, Queensland
Photo credit: QPWS |
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Location: Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
Organization: Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
Setting: Inland and coastal parks and protected areas
TRAFx counters used: Infrared Trail Counter, Vehicle
Counter
The Queensland Parks and
Wildlife Service (QPWS) administers national parks, conservation
parks and forest reserves in the state of Queensland, Australia.
These parks protect diverse environments such as sub tropical
rainforest, open woodland, swamp, heath, mountainous terrain,
beaches, and rivers. QPWS has used TRAFx Infrared Trail Counters
to quantify visitation on walking trails in the high usage
National Parks. QPWS is currently expanding their programme.
TRAFx Vehicle Counters will be also used to gather road data,
and when not being used on roads, the TRAFx Vehicle Counters
will be converted to the TRAFx Infrared Trail Counter with the
TRAFx Infrared Conversion Kit, and used on walking tracks, horse
trails and mountain bike tracks. The ability to switch between
counter types is cost effective and versatile. It also gives
QPWS scope to collect usage data on a variety of diverse user
groups. This data will be used to aid in management decisions
and also to project future useage of areas.

“Over the past three
years, we have run a number of TRAFx counters along a 58
kilometre walking track in the Sunshine Coast Hinterland
National Parks. During this time we have found them to be a
critical tool in the management of the track. They have allowed
us to identify trends in use, (some of which weren’t foreseen!)
and have been a real bonus when applying for funding, processing
activity permits and developing plans.
We have found the
counters to be very reliable, easy to use and the after sales
backup is great”.
Brendan M, Ranger in
Charge,
QPWS
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Photo credit: IDFG |

Photo credit: IDFG |
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Location: Idaho, USA
Organization: Idaho Department of Fish and Game
Setting: Boise River Wildlife Management Area
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle Counter, OHV Counter,
Infrared Trail Counter
Idaho is the 14th largest state
in the USA. There are three main land regions: the Rocky
Mountains, the Columbia Plateau, and the Basin and Range Region.
Wildlife in Idaho includes moose, black bear, mountain lion,
whitetail and mule deer, elk and antelope, and various fish and
bird species.
The mission of the Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDFG) is
to manage and preserve wildlife within the state. Thirty- two
wildlife management areas (WMAs) and one conservation easement
are open to the public for hunting, fishing, and other
wildlife-related activities.
IDFG has been using TRAFx counters since 2005, and uses the
TRAFx Vehicle, OHV and Infrared Trail Counter.
“The main goal
on the Boise River Wildlife Management Area (WMA) is to provide
critical winter range for mule deer and elk. In order to manage
winter range, it is crucial that we know how people are using
the WMA. Through the use of TRAFx OHV and Infrared Trail
Counters, we have been able to estimate how many people are
using the WMA and determine where and when use occurs. These
counters have been very valuable in giving us the information we
need to better manage our lands.”
Zach S.,
Senior Wildlife Technician, Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game
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Pacific Spirit Regional Park
area, Vancouver, BC, Canada |

Installing a TRAFx Pressure Pad
Trail Counter.
Photo credit: Metro
Vancouver |
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Location: Vancouver,
British Columbia, Canada
Organization: Metro Vancouver
Setting: Multi-use urban and regional parks, campgrounds,
beaches, trails, and bicycle paths
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle Counter, Infrared Trail
Counter, Pressure Pad Trail Counter, Mountain Bike Counter
Metro Vancouver is a partnership of 21
municipalities and one electoral area that make up the
metropolitan area of Greater Vancouver. Its purpose is to
protect and enhance the quality of life in the region through
the delivery of region-wide essential services. One of these
services is the management of 26 regional parks and of about 300
km of trails, as well as riverfronts and beaches throughout the
region. The counting devices provided by TRAFx helps Metro
Vancouver better understand visitor use patterns and use this information
to improve the management of their park lands. TRAFx Vehicle
Counters have been installed at most park entrances. TRAFx
Infrared Trail Counters and Pressure Pad Trail Counters have also been
utilized to gather trail use data.
"We have
been using TRAFx counters for three years now. We are pleased
with their performance and the high-level of service TRAFx has
provided. Our TRAFx equipment has become an invaluable tool for
Regional Parks in the Greater Vancouver Regional District."
David A., Research Officer,
Metro Vancouver
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TRAFx counter camouflaged to
blend in with local environment.
Photo credit: Centre Hills Project |

Downloading data in the field.
Photo credit:
Centre Hills Project |

Hikers on the Oriole Walkway.
Photo credit: Centre Hills Project |
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Location: Centre Hills,
Montserrat, West Indies
Organization: Centre Hills Project; Ministry of
Agriculture, Lands, Housing, and Environment; Montserrat
National Trust; Montserrat Tourist Board
Setting: Walking trails in ecologically sensitive
tropical forest
TRAFx counters used: Infrared Trail Counter
Montserrat
is a small volcanic island in the Eastern Caribbean.
Montserrat’s capital city of Plymouth was destroyed during
volcanic eruptions that
began in 1995 and more than half of the island was evacuated.
The population, now less than half of its former size, has
relocated to the northern part of the island.
The Centre Hills Project aims to increase capacity for
biodiversity and protected area management in Montserrat,
particularly in the Centre Hills, a tropical forested area that
escaped volcanic devastation, and is now one of the last
remaining habitats for numerous threatened species, including
rare tropical plants and animals.
TRAFx Infrared Trail Counters are being used on walking trails
in the Centre Hills area to help determine trail use patterns,
including some extrapolation of the type of trail users (e.g.,
hikers, farmers, etc.) based on basic tallies and analysis of
timestamps using TRAFx Reporter software. The data collected by
this type of people counter will help to inform the management
of the area.
“The data collected by the TRAFx Infrared Trail Counters will
help us to make management decisions regarding the Centre Hills
area. We were able to well adapt the counters to the challenges
posed by frequent volcanic activity and a hungry rat population
on the island. For the first time, we now have a precise
measurement of trail use, which I think will surprise people who
didn’t believe that certain trails were getting so much use.
These small counters are easy to install and to hide. We also
like their long battery life.”
Carole M., Project Manager, Centre Hills Project (http://malhe.gov.ms/centrehills/) |
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Photo credit: OMNR |
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Location: Ontario,
Canada
Organization: Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources
Setting: Forested areas; public lands; roads and trails
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle/OHV counter
Ontario is Canada’s second largest province after Quebec. Ninety
percent of the 70 million hectares of forested land in Ontario
is publicly owned and it is managed by the Ontario Ministry of
Natural Resources
(OMNR). The area managed by OMNR is approximately twice the size
of Poland. OMNR are using the TRAFx Vehicle/OHV counters to
study patterns of motorized recreational use and to assess the
effectiveness of controls such as signs at limiting motorized
vehicle use on logging roads and trails in northern Ontario.
Approximately 30 TRAFx counters were deployed at various sites
in the study area in 2006. This number was expanded to nearly 50
units in 2007 through partnerships with Lakehead
University and Parks Canada. In 2008 the program will be further
expanded.
"We are very pleased with our TRAFx
counters and the service provided by the people at TRAFx. The
devices have provided reliable information for automobiles and
off highway vehicles. The counters are an important part of our
ongoing study in northern Ontario."
Len H., Ph.D., Research Scientist, Ontario
Ministry of Natural Resources |
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Tillamook State Forest, OR, USA
Photo credit:
ODF |

Clatsop State Forest, OR, USA
Photo credit:
ODF |
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Location: Oregon, USA
Organization: Oregon Department of Forestry
Setting: Forested areas; roads and trails
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle Counter, Infrared Trail
Counter
The Oregon Department of
Forestry (ODF) manages 780,000 acres of state-owned forest lands
and provides forestry assistance to Oregon's 166,000
non-industrial private woodland owners. Some other activities
include forest resource planning, fire protection, community and
urban forestry assistance, regulation of forestry practices and
promotion of forest stewardship. ODF also provides a variety of
motorized (e.g., ATVs) and non-motorized (e.g., hiking)
recreational opportunities. TRAFx equipment is being used to
monitor recreation use patterns in a forest setting at a variety
of different locations in Northwest Oregon.
“The TRAFx
counting system is working well for our agency. The reliability
and data collection is much easier than the tube style counters
used in the past."
Bryan N., Recreation
Unit Forester |
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Landscape in the Pindos
mountain range, Greece. Photo credit: Alexios G. |

Tranquilized brown bear, Pindos
mountain range.
Photo credit: Alexios
G. |

Construction of the Egnatia
highway, Greece.
Photo credit: Alexios G. |
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Location: Egnatia
Highway and E65 highway construction area,
Pindos Mountain
Range, north-central Greece
Organization: University of Aegean, Dept. of Environment
Setting: Highway project in ecologically important
wildlife habitat
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle Counter
The
Pindos mountain range in north-central Greece is the brown
bear's (i.e., grizzly bear) southern most range in Europe. Here,
a small population of bears (estimated at 115-145 individuals)
exists in an environment characterized by mixed oak, black pine
and beech forest, interspersed with small-scale agriculture.
The brown bear is a protected species in Europe.
However, two
major highways, currently
under construction, will cut through
this ecologically important area.
The research project's main objectives are to monitor how bears
use the landscape, how highway construction activities
(especially noise and traffic
volume) affect their movements, and whether existing mitigation
measures (such as tunnels) are effective or need to be changed.
"I
first learned about the TRAFx Vehicle Counter through my field
activities associated with the Copeland Highway Wildlife
Monitoring Project in Idaho. I thought the vehicle counter would
be an excellent tool for my PhD research project in Greece. The
vehicle counter will provide important data to help us determine
disturbance levels in the study area."
Alexios G., PhD. student, University of
Aegean, Dept. of Environment |
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Great Slave Lake and NWT region,
Canada |

Winter road in the NWT.
Photo credit: Dept. of
Transportation, NWT |
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Location: Northwest
Territories (Canadian Arctic)
Organization: Govt. of the Northwest Territories, Dept.
of Transportation, Planning and Policy Division
Setting: Winter roads in Canada’s Arctic
TRAFx counters used: Vehicle Counter
In the Northwest Territories of Canada,
seasonal winter roads, built over frozen lakes, rivers and
tundra, offer an economical alternative to air supply for areas
not on the regular road system. Maintenance of winter roads
requires constant adaptation to unpredictable arctic conditions
such as extreme cold, winter storms, visibility white-outs,
overflow, wash-outs, pressure ridges, worn portages etc.
The Northwest Territories Department of Transportation uses
TRAFx counters to count vehicles on their winter roads. The
counters are embedded into the road, and left unattended over
the winter months. Data is downloaded in the spring.
"We ordered our TRAFx
system in 2004. The TRAFx Vehicle Counter has proven to be very
reliable in our extreme winter conditions. For a short traffic
count project like a winter road or ice crossing, TRAFx is
perfect. Loop installs would take up to 1/2 a day with a 4
person crew per site every single winter for 2 months of data.
TRAFx installs take less than one hour per site and just myself to
install. Best data we've had in years.”
Shane L., Transportation
Planner, Dept. of Transportation, NWT
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View from Cheviot Track.
Photo credit: Greater Wellington Regional
Council |

Mountain biker at Lakes Block.
Photo credit: Greater Wellington Regional
Council |

Fern Gully Track.
Photo credit: Greater Wellington Regional
Council |
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Location: East Harbour
Regional Park, Wellington, New Zealand
Organization: Greater Wellington Regional Council
Setting: Multi-use Regional Park.
TRAFx counters used: Infrared Trail Counter
East Harbour Regional Park (covering 2,000 ha) was formalized in
1995 with a rationalization of land across multiple agencies and
the development of a management plan. The park encompasses three
separate areas: Northern Forest block, Pencarrow Lakes, and
Baring Head.
The Northern Forest block covers the steep hill country between
Eastbourne and Wainuiomata. These hills, clothed in beech/rata
forest, provide the forested backdrop to the eastern side of
Wellington Harbour, while the valley floors contain lush lowland
podocarp/broadleaf forest. The area offers opportunities for
walking, tramping (hiking), dog walking and picnicking, and can
be accessed from various points behind Eastbourne and
Wainuiomata. Recreational hunting of deer and pigs is managed
through a permit system. A designated ‘remote’ zone in the upper
Gollans Valley provides wilderness experiences close to the
city.
The Pencarrow Lakes block lies just outside the main harbour
entrance and contains the nationally significant freshwater
lakes Kohangapiripiri and Kohangatera. These lakes and their
associated wetlands are home to a wealth of native plants and
wildlife, as well as to important cultural and historic sites.
Baring Head is situated at the southern terminus of the East
Harbour hills and consists of a reserve of less than one hectare
around the historic Baring Head lighthouse. The rocks below the
lighthouse are an important rock climbing destination in the
region, where access is restricted.
The Greater Wellington Regional Council uses TRAFx Infrared
Trail Counters to monitor and assess visitor usage patterns on
trails and access points throughout the park to assist in park
management decisions.
“TRAFx equipment has helped us to
assess usage patterns in our parks and to gather data for
performance reporting. It is providing valuable information to
assist in and support management decisions. I think the counters
are wonderful.”
Erik V., Principal Ranger,
Greater Wellington Regional Council.
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Marsh Creek.
Photo credit: EBRPD |

Contra Costa Canal.
Photo credit: EBRPD |
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Location: California,
USA
Organization: East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD)
Setting: Multi-use urban and regional parks, trails,
shorelines, picnic areas, and other recreational facilities
TRAFx counters used: Infrared Trail Counter, TRAFx
Vehicle Counter
East Bay Regional Park District (EBRPD) is a system of public
parks and trails in Alameda and Contra Costa counties. The
system encompasses 1,745 square miles on the eastern side of San
Francisco Bay.
It is the mission of the East Bay Regional Park District to
preserve their heritage of natural and cultural resources, open
space, parks and trails for the future and set aside park areas
for enjoyment and healthful recreation.
"We
have over one hundred miles of multi-use trails that connect
many cities in two counties. Many of those trail sections are
along transit corridors. We are using TRAFx trail counters to
help us assess the actual number of trail users in some key
areas. The information will be one of the most important
resources for acquiring some of the missing pieces in our system
and helping people to get out of their cars and onto the
trails."
Anne R., Unit Manager, Regional Trails and Work Alternative
Programs, EBRPD |
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Blankets Creek trails.
Photo credit: SORBA Woodstock |

Winter riding.
Photo credit: SORBA Woodstock |

Blankets Creek trail map.
Map credit: SORBA Woodstock |
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Location: Woodstock, Georgia, USA
Organization: SORBA Woodstock Chapter
Setting: Mountain bike trails on public lands
TRAFx Counters used: Infrared Trail Counter, TRAFx Vehicle Counter
The Woodstock Chapter of the Southern Off-Road Bicycle Association (SORBA) was formed in March, 2000 by a group of local mountain bikers to build trails on US Army Corps of Engineers property on the banks of Lake Allatoona. They formed a partnership with the Corps and the Cherokee County Parks and Recreation Agency to create the Blankets Creek Mountain Bike Trails. The park has grown to 15 miles of excellent beginner to advanced singletrack trails. With over 100,000 riders annually it is one of the most heavily ridden mountain bike trails in the country. SORBA has partnered with the International Mountain Biking Association (IMBA) and now represents over 4,000 members who help steward miles and miles of great trails in a seven-state area.
SORBA Woodstock uses both infrared trail counters and mountain bike counters from TRAFx to get more accurate data about the number of mountain bike riders at Blankets Creek - total riders, riders by trail, time of day and day of the week they are riding. This data helps SORBA Woodstock work with Cherokee County to focus resources to support the park. For example the county recently purchased five acres of land to expand and improve the trailhead with additional parking, bathrooms, changing facilities and a pavilion. This information is also very valuable when applying for grants or corporate gifts.
SORBA Woodstock has also partnered with the City of Woodstock to build 10 miles of intermediate singletrack at Olde Rope Mill Park. The Taylor Randahl Memorial Trail will eventually connect with Blankets Creek to create an outstanding 30 mile singletrack riding experience. The trail is under construction now and will have TRAFx counters installed there as well.
"We've had a very good experience working with TRAFx and have found the counters to be very reliable. We highly recommend them to anyone looking for a good counter system. The info has been invaluable for us when presenting proposals to various land managers and funding sources."
Scott Stewart, Vice President, SORBA Woodstock
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Protecting old mountain maple (Bergahornbestandes) stands.
Photo credit: LBV Allgäu |

Information sign at the Sonnenkopf summit (1712m/5616 ft).
Photo credit: LBV Allgäu |

A brambling (bergfink) visiting a winter feeding spot.
Map credit: LBV Allgäu |
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Location: Bavaria, Germany
Organization: Landesbund für Vogelschutz in Bayern (The Bavarian Society for the Protection of Birds)
Setting: Nature trails in forested and mountainous areas
TRAFx Counters used: Infrared Trail Counter
The Landesbund für Vogelschutz in Bayern e. V. (LBV), founded in 1909, is the oldest non-profit organisation for nature conservation in Bavaria, Germany. The organisation has approximately 60,000 members, subdivided into approximately 350 district groups. The principal aim is to ensure the maintenance of the native fauna and flora by protection of their natural habitats. Activities include: purchase and lease of threatened areas, habitat management, projects for preservation of species and habitats, nature research, statements on environmental impacts, political lobby work, public relations, visitor monitoring and visitor management, youth work, and environmental education in schools and out of schools.
The LBV uses the TRAFx Infrared Trail Counter as a people counter to count hikers, skiers and snowshoe users in the Allgäuer Hochalpen mountain reserve in the Oberallgäu region of southern Germany during both the summer and winter seasons. The count data is used to improve visitor information and education, gauge usage of remote and "unknown" paths, and determine the impact of visitation in sensitive wildlife areas, particularly the regions where the black grouse is present. LBV has used TRAFx counting equipment since the winter of 2008 and ordered additional trail counters from TRAFx in the spring of 2010.
"I used TRAFx Infrared Counters to count visitors in summer and winter. ... The day with the highest frequencies was not weekend, it was on Wednesdays. It was very astonishing for me. ... l am very satisfied with TRAFx equipment."
Henning Werth, biologist and conservation manager, Allgäuer Hochalpen mountain reserve
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Lower Lake Creek parking lot and restrooms.
Photo credit: BLM Eugene |

Lake Creek Falls.
Photo credit: BLM Eugene |
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Location: Oregon, USA
Organization: Bureau of Land Management, Eugene District
Setting: Recreation areas, vehicle counting
TRAFx Counters used: TRAFx Vehicle Counter
The BLM manages more land - 256 million acres - than any other Federal agency. This land, known as the National System of Public Lands, is primarily located in 12 Western states, including Alaska. The Bureau, with a budget of about $1 billion, also administers 700 million acres of sub-surface mineral estate throughout the nation. The BLM's multiple-use mission is to sustain the health and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. The Bureau accomplishes this by managing such activities as outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production, and by conserving natural, historical, cultural, and other resources on public lands.
The Lower Lake Creek area, is a popular swimming area that has a natural rock slide, and brings in huge amounts of visitors in the hot summer months. The place is being "loved to death". In order to get a sense of impact to the area, and to justify a full re-design of the traffic ingress and egress for the area, a counter system was needed counter systems to track foot and vehicle traffic, for different times of the week, and day.
"We believe TRAFx counters are the best product to use in terms of being able to get the proper set-up for accurate reading, and to provide the best data for analysis."
Wade J., Outdoor Recreation Planner
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Mesquite Point at Imperial NWR
Photo credit: Glenn Thoreson via USFWS |

Beavertail.
Photo credit: US Fish and Wildlife Service |

Chuckwalla
Photo credit: US Fish and Wildlife Service |
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Location: Yuma, Arizona, USA
Organization: US Fish and Wildlife Service, Imperial NWR
Setting: Recreation areas, vehicle counting
TRAFx Counters used: TRAFx Vehicle Counter, Trail Counter
Established in 1941, the 25,768 acre (104 sq. km) Imperial National Wildlife Refuge protects wildlife habitat along 30 miles of the lower Colorado River in Arizona and California, including the last unchannelized section before the river enters Mexico. The Refuge is an important sanctuary and breeding area for migratory birds and other wildlife. The river and its associated backwater lakes and wetlands are a green oasis, contrasting with the surrounding desert mountains.
The Fish and Wildlife Service uses the TRAFx counters to track the visitor usage at their major recreation areas.
"We have your traffic counters in plastic irrigation boxes buried on the Refuge. They are very reliable and inexpensive and easy to maintain, even in our extreme heat. Thank you so much for a great product."
Denise B, Visitor Services Manager
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Healy Meadows and Monarch, Banff
NP, AB, Canada |

Hikers on Bow Lake trail, Banff
NP |
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Location: Banff National Park,
Alberta, Canada
Organization: Parks Canada
Setting: Mountainous landscape; extensive system of
winter and summer trails; roads
TRAFx counters used: Infrared Trail Counter, Vehicle
Counter, Pressure Pad Trail Counter, Mountain Bike Counter
Banff National Park, Canada’s first national park (founded in
1885), encompasses 6,641 square km (2,564 square miles) of
valleys, mountains, forests, glaciers, meadows and rivers. With
easy motor access, Banff NP is one of the most visited in the
world: approx. 8 million vehicles enter the park annually.
Applications for the TRAFx counting system in Banff NP include:
the quantification of visitor numbers on roads and trails
(hiking, biking and ski trails), the monitoring of trails in
wildlife-sensitive areas, and the monitoring of people and
wildlife in wildlife underpasses.
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